This chapter from the book 'The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: opportunities and threats to development' published by CAB International in association with International Water Management Institute (IWMI) sheds light on the deteriorating groundwater situation in the country. This is in the context of the persistent dependence of agriculture and livestock on groundwater resources and the resulting over exploitation of groundwater resources leading to an emerging dilemma between short term livelihoods and long term resource management, between immediate gains and long term human welfare as well as resource sustainability.
The chapter attempts to capture the multifaceted social, physical, cultural, policy and economic dimensions of this dilemma through the study of farmer's responses to drought, as an extreme and compressed example of the general decline in groundwater resources. The study thus discusses the case of three arid and semi-arid districts in the Indian state of Gujarat, which experienced drought over the period 1999-2002.
The study first describes the groundwater situation and the drought in western India. It then describes the differential impact of drought on agricultural production and the adaptations farmers have made to respond to new conditions. Finally, the study examines how the impact of drought varies across the three study areas, the factors behind this differentiation, implications for policy and practical options for groundwater management.
The study finds that:
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