This paper 'Wastewater irrigation in Hubli–Dharwad, India: Implications for health and livelihoods' is divided into the following sections:
The area where the study was conducted, its rainfall pattern, climate, the physical characteristics, soil conditions and location of water courses are presented in this section.
Surveys were conducted at intervals between 1997 and 2001, and in 2001, fieldwork was expanded to a transect-based study.
Health issues: Some of the major concerns are
Gender implications of wastewater irrigation
Management of irrigation with wastewater
For public health and environmental risks to be mitigated without threatening the livelihoods of poor farmers the following steps may be undertaken: