Author: Namitha Dipak, Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan
We started corresponding with and telephoning soil and water conservation research organisations, universities and watershed departments with one simple request: “Please give us contact details of places where they have solved their water crisis by simple low-cost methods.” Unfortunately, for almost one year, we couldn’t get any information. Of course, some offices sent us bulky books that even a science graduate like me could not understand! Our search continued.
It was in the later part of 1996 that we sniffed out a success story in Kannur, in north Kerala. Immediately, we rushed there. At last, there were a few lessons anybody could understand and implement. Through them, we got contacts of other groups that have got success with RWH. All these weren’t government organisations, but were harvesting rain out of necessity and interest. One after another, the stories we compiled started piling up. With these, we started a feature series by the title “Hundreds of ways to conserve soil-n-water” in Adike Patrike in September 1996.
There were two main criteria for the selection of stories: there shouldn’t be any government subsidy for the work, and that the methods used should have replication value at least in that neighbourhood. This series ran into 100 instalments in eight years.
Many of our ancestors knew the importance of soil and water and conserving these resources. Go to any drought-hit area, there are traditional water conservation systems, or traces of them, that can make us proud. Karnataka, for example has some very reliable drought-proofing techniques, the principles of which might be relevant and useful elsewhere too. Unfortunately, we haven’t documented these systems properly. Anupam Mishra’s two classic books in Hindi, Raajasthan ki rajat boondein (The silver drops of Rajasthan) and Ab bhi khaden hai talaab(The lakes are still standing) should be compulsory reading for any student of soil and water conservation. They tell us about the wonderful scientific knowledge ancestors in Rajasthan had and still have in these disciplines. When the State starting “giving” water to the people and many new technologies came in like dams, bore wells, submersible pumps and even tap water, the communities lost hold and control of water. The value of water was slowly forgotten. Self-help in water management became an unknown concept.
The observation is right. Most of my awareness activities are in heavy rainfall areas. But I have done many programmes in areas with less rainfall too. I don’t implement the RWH work anywhere myself, but lots of people have done so by reading my writing and seeing my RWH slideshows. There are very good successes as well. Whenever I move out to a new area, I study the soil and water conservation systems there and visit places where common people have achieved successes. I learn from them and spread information to others. That’s why I always mention that I learn from the “people’s university” and not from textbooks or formal universities.
A very interesting incident happened decades ago. In Kollam district of Kerala, there was this rubber farmer, the late T.J. Mathew. His house was situated atop an egg shaped hillock. The dug-well was slightly below. Every February, his well would go dry and they had to get down the hill and walk a long distance to bring water. Years later, he constructed a compound wall around his half-an acre house site. There was a heap of sand in a corner. It occurred to Mathew that this sand would be washed away during the monsoon. To prevent this, he requested the mason to construct a small threshold there(see photo 1). “How big?” asked the mason. “One inch in height and three inches wide”, Mathew replied. By mistake, the mason kept both the width and height at three inches. The next year, their well didn’t run dry. Why? Because each time it rained, rainwater from the half-acre site didn’t flow out – it percolated slowly into the ground.
“Eureka!”, Mathew shouted and started digging rain pits in his land. “We don’t need big dams, what we want is small ‘cradle pits’ to solve our water crisis”… and he started campaigning. In 1983, when there was an unprecedented drought in the whole of this coastal belt, his Thumbassery Estate gave drinking water to the whole village! This prompted a leading Malayalam daily to run an interesting feature on this development. Though the Soil and Water Conservation Unit had been functioning under the state agriculture department since 1964, it was this success story of T.J. Mathew that gave the people of Kerala a very important message: “Even the common people can improve their water resources with least expenditure”.
Wherever natural resource management work, including RWH, is done through educating the masses and is based on their own decisions or community decisions, the success, by and large, would be sustainable. They might err in their work, there may be some setbacks, but since they are doing it from their hearts and not to “show” anybody or please anybody, they will realise their mistakes and rectify it. If maintenance is required, they will carry it out. Still, there may be some spells of drought. But since the communities are well-sensitised by then, they have the vidya (knowledge) and they will use it.
I strongly believe that if generations have lived in drought-prone areas, there should be some mechanism with which they could overcome the drought and succeed in producing their food there. Maybe the present generations have forgotten these systems or been made to forget them! So our search should be concentrated in that specific area. There is no point in holding seminars in capital cities and racking ‘alien’ brains to come out with a solution to overcome drought in a distant village. Have an open mind, respect local people’s wisdom, try to understand their parlance, their customs, soil conditions, farming systems, the strength and deterioration of natural resources there. Live there like an ordinary villager and go on interacting. If you are lucky and patient, you will be able to dig out the drought-proofing mechanism they
had.
Sand mulching is one such widespread practice in the black-cotton soils of Koppal district in Karnataka(see photo 2). Its result, in the words of a senior agriculture scientist, “can be well compared to irrigated farming. Sand mulching acts as a one way valve for entry of rainwater into the fields.” In an area where most of the farmers are not able to produce anything in 2-3 years in a decade, I know farmers who have sand mulched their fields and are getting two good crops a year without fail since decades. This farmers’ practice is there in many parts of the world. Awards for highest production of crops like Jowar often go to these farmers!
I am not aware of any. Most of the tools for augmenting your natural resources are old ones; sometimes, there maybe some innovations or adaptations. Rainwater harvesting in the strictest sense, or the artificial RWH too, is not new. Long before this concept was named, Indians have been following it, and much knowledge about this exists in our country that we can share with others. However, one important point that must be remembered is that it warrants site-specific or location-specific methods.
I call women the “ministers for water resources” of the family. It is they who manage most of the water-related work at home and collect the water from wherever it is available, except where tap water is available. It is women who suffer the most if water is not available nearby (see photo 3). Not just in Gujarat and Rajasthan, but even in areas with heavy rainfall, there are housewives who have to walk kilometres for fetching water. In some areas, most unfortunately, they have to spend most of their time fetching water! By following the appropriate RWH methods, water can be made available in the nearby water sources. Just imagine the difference to them if, instead of walking for kilometres, water is available in the community well that is five minutes away or in their own open well if they have one!
In Kasaragod district - with 3500 mm rainfall annually - I know a family that had to bring water from a neighbour's well in an uphill route for three months a year for over three decades. It was a sheer drudgery for them. Three years ago, after reading my column and learning about the options, this family built a 30,000 litres roof water harvesting tank. Their well provides water for nine months; and for the summer, this tank is more than sufficient. The relief that this family felt cannot be explained in words.
Wherever water shortage is there, it is the women who respond very positively when RWH is advised. In Hulegar, a village in Shimoga district (Karnataka state), women themselves came forward to dig rain pits. With proper follow-up, there are instances when the women mobilised their men folk for implementing rainwater harvesting.
There is a dearth of the right kind of information in the field of RWH. For anybody to follow any method, seeing it personally is necessary. It is in this context that Rain Centres like the one in Sirsi become relevant. We also have an impressive Rain Centre in Chennai (in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu) that acts as a one window information clearance house as far as urban RWH is concerned. In my opinion, we need at least one Rain Centre in each taluk (administrative division of each state). It would be better if it is established in a school because our future generation too could be educated by doing so. Moreover, you can make the students into teachers of RWH for the visitors.
You can have Rain Centres anywhere in the country; instead of copying the others they should reflect the locally suitable measures and offer solutions that could be easily followed. We have to make self-explanatory models showing the kind of interventions that can be made in the area. Some live models - like working check dams, farm ponds and the like can be associated with the Rain Centre - in about 5 to 10 km vicinity. The advantage of ‘live models’ is that, if the visitor is interested, he can understand the actual experiences from concerned people, the ‘before’ and ‘after’ differences etc.
In the arid and semi-arid areas, it is not the actual rainfall, but the effective rainfall in a particular cropping period that is what really matters. Therefore any techniques that can retain the soil moisture for long would protect the short duration crops that are generally grown in such areas. Such techniques that can insulate the crop from the ill-effects of drought are termed as “drought-proofing techniques”. One very important principle for many drought-proofing techniques is to incorporate more organic content into the soil as the first defence against drought. As and when we go on cultivating, the organic content of the soil gets depleted. We have to replenish it with organic materials. The best way of doing so is to plant some tree species on the borders and ensure that organic material is produced in situ. Incorporating crop residues of the earlier crop is a good idea. The set-row cultivation method of Rajkot and Surendranagar districts of Gujarat, TFB (Trenches Filled with Bio-mass) method of dry land sericulture being popularised by Bird-K, Karnataka are classic examples for this principle.
Preparing the field soil in such a way that the whole field can turn moist even during small rains and excess water flows out only when the farmer allows it is the drought proofing technique followed by farmers of Hungund taluk in Bagalkot district. In the recent three-year successive drought, this method allowed hundreds of families in this taluk to grow at least food enough for their families. There may be such techniques in Africa, Central Asia and elsewhere, even among the uneducated farming communities. Such methods have to be identified, analysed and properly documented for the benefit of other farmers.
This programme was organised by a non-governmental organisation, CDL, of Bangalore. CDL has for quite some time believed that “Water Journalism” warrants a separate identity and has to be built up seriously. It felt that sensitising mainstream media in this regard would bring about positive changes. A leading newspaper group, Deccan Herald, came forward with interest to have this for their staffers at different bureaus of the state. I would really prefer to call it an orientation session for journalists. Unfortunately, this wasn't followed up after that. It would have been good if journalists who showed genuine interest were taken for a detailed session and exposure visits to see successes in RWH and drought-proofing. Another important point we miss in many of the updating sessions of journalism is that we try to sensitise the journalists and never the management/editors.
I feel that since water is so important in day-to-day life and providing safe water is called the biggest development, big newspaper houses should try to groom Water Specialists in line with Sports specialists, Crime Specialists etc. Though the visible result of this above programme was not to the expected level, I don’t think we should have high expectations in such matters where changes come only with consistent effort.
In the state of Karnataka, interest in water journalism has grown visibly. Many staffers, and a few freelancers are now writing on soil and water and success stories of the same. This was not the case a decade ago. If my information is correct, five regular/occasional columns on water appear in different leading newspapers of the state. Rain harvesting is a concept very well discussed in at least considerable parts of the state. People have realised that drought is by and large man-made and that they can play a role in augmenting their water resources. This is a very important change in mindset, and major credit should go to the media for this.
I would call myself a messenger of rain harvesting. Journalism is the medium I have selected for spreading this message. Yes, I enjoy doing this. Many of our newspapers and electronic media have given good coverage about the shortcomings in policy, need for policy change, what should be the government’s approach to water supply and other ‘big’ issues. I on the other hand, have selected a ‘minor’ area, writing about the success obtained by a “non-entity”. (See photos 4 and 5) I believe that instead of telling a hundred theories, it is far more impressive to reflect a success, however small it is. A common man’s success story that can be achieved at a low cost can inspire hundreds, thousands of readers. When a success in RWH happens in the neighbourhood, even the worst critic of the concept doesn’t waste time in criticising it; instead, he jumps at it and follows suit. If you can offer low cost solutions for problems that people thought couldn’t be solved by them, they don’t wait for government subsidies… they “self-help”. These are the lessons I have learnt in the process of campaigning for RWH.
I always go by the common person's parameters. If a well that used to dry up for two months in a year has stopped drying up and now yields water as a result of RWH, I would call it a success. But then, raising the water table alone is not the parameter. Improved vegetation, soil moisture, increased water table, wells that don’t dry in summer, better food/milk production, bidding good-bye to ‘tanker water’ etc… there are many such parameters. In drought-prone areas, absence or decrease of migration, and farming families not buying grains or fodder for their subsistence and their cattle are good indicators. Sometimes, for a farmer, the success may be regaining the ability to raise a second crop or stabilised productivity.
Even a layman has his own judgment of measuring success. I will give you one small example. At Sarang in Palakkad district, by facilitating the denuded forest to regenerate, a couple, Gopalakrishnan and Vijayalakshmi could revive their only water spring that had dried up six years earlier. One observation they made after that is interesting: they noticed a particular fern plant growing in the valleys that had vanished from that area 13 years previously.
At Lapodiya in Rajasthan, where Lakshman Singh's Gramin Vikas Navyuvak Mandal Lapodiya (GVNML) is able to revive the pasturelands in a big way, thanks to his unique chowka system, and the local grass varieties have been regenerated. The case of a particular grass variety(Cynodon dactylon) locally called as 'Dhob' is curious. This is a medicinal plant that requires good sub-soil moisture. This variety is very rarely found there; it grows only in the forests near the canals where there is good moisture.
It takes 4-5 years after the establishment of chowka system of soil and water conservation for the dhob to appear. Under the circumstances, I would call reappearance of dhob as nature's receipt for a satisfactory soil and water conservation system. So, in this context, dhob can also play the role of a parameter.