Social and ecological systems are inherently complex and unique as they are composed of multiple variables.One way of understanding these is to build a common framework to conduct research related to socio-ecological systems (SES). This presentation discusses such a framework, first published in PNAS in 2007, and in Science in 2009. This framework has been developed following a study of situations in several different socio-ecological systems. Such a framework enables us to understand complex SESs in the following manner:
The second-tier variables of a SES are listed and explained in this presentation. Future research directions are also explained.The use of the framework is then illustrated by comparing three SESs in Mexico and the lake system in Bangalore.
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