Waste Water

Lessons learnt while addressing the water-energy nexus: Evaluation of USAID/India's DRUM(Distribution Reform, Upgrades, and Management) and WENEXA (Water and Energy Nexus) programs

Arunachalam Rajagopal, Kevin Warr, Meenu Mishra, Michael Gaffen

1. Background

  • Establish the framework, institutional capacity, and project development functions at the central and state levels; and
  • Enable implementation of several full-scale, commercially replicable distribution initiatives in key reform states in India.

This involved training of employees of the distribution sector and demonstration projects for technical and managerial updates.  The DRUM pilot projects were carried out in Doddaballapur, Bangalore; Umreth, Gujarat; and Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
WENEXA, also started in 2004, is a complex, decade-long program that addresses various components of what is termed the 'water-energy nexus'. These include:

  • Replacing energy-inefficient water pumps with efficient ones
  • Watershed management and water table replenishment in Doddaballapur
  • Urban wastewater treatment in Nagpur.

2. Purpose of evaluation

  • Measuring the results
  • Determining impact
  • Determining the strategy of future energy-water programs

3. Research design and evaluation methodology

  • Project documents, policy papers, records etdc
  • Semi-structured interviews with various participants in the project
  • Survey of past DRUM trainees
  • Personal interviews with farmers
  • Focus group discussion
  • Site visits

4. Findings

Table of observations

In addition to the observations detailed above, it was also observed that the programs did not focus on gender. The report mentions ways in which this could have been done.

5. Conclusions

6. Recommendations

8. Lessons learnt

Download the entire report here.

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