Rethinking India’s water and climate narrative in agriculture

As I embarked on my agtech and water tour in India, I was surprised to experience such a diverse range of extreme climates in just one month. I travelled from drought-stricken landscapes in North India (early June 2023) to flood-ravaged regions while leaving the country (early July 2023) and encountered uneven weather patterns in between.

As I toured the country, I saw how climate change is disrupting traditional agricultural practices and putting immense pressure on the entire production and business ecosystem. Amidst these challenges, there is rapidly growing interest in mitigating climate change impacts and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Managing water and reducing carbon emissions have become the mainstays of conversation and are at the core of targeted solutions.

There is particular interest in sustainable technology and practices for crops that consume large amounts of water, such as rice and sugarcane. Traditional flooded rice cultivation accounts for approximately 12% of the global crop acreage[1], leading to considerable water consumption and contributing over 10% of global methane emissions, in addition to nitrous oxide emissions. The challenge at hand is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining crop yields.

The spectrum of technologies and practices used currently is diverse, ranging from methods like alternate drying and wetting (AWD), furrow irrigation, and direct seeding of rice (DSR), as well as the implementation of high-efficiency drip irrigation, IoT, and sensor technologies. A barrier to widespread adoption, however, is that the implementation of these agronomic practices and technologies has faced pushback in several regions of the country. Some emerging management practices aim to generate carbon credits through the reduction of GHG emissions in rice. This effort presents another challenge as the methodology to quantify the emissions has been deactivated[2].

Why is technology adoption for water and climate change solutions slow?

From the policy and technology sides, there is an urgency to conserve water resources. However, water conservation remains a low priority for many Indian farmers. Conversations during on-farm interviews indicated that it does not make economic sense for farmers in the short term. Based on our experiences and observations, it is not very different in the US, where adoption of technology conserving water resources is less than 10%[3], despite farmers having more awareness about stewardship in general.

In several Indian states, farmers have access to free water and power. Agriculture is a state subject in India. And, due to socio-political resistance, the state governments have encountered obstacles in enforcing strict regulations on water withdrawal, which has also led to a lack of accountability. So, there isn’t a lot of economic incentive for farmers to conserve water. A challenge also lies in the multifaceted nature of water management in agriculture.

It's essential to acknowledge that many agricultural water management technologies often rely heavily on hardware-driven solutions, where farmers require sensors and automation devices to control and deliver water efficiently. However, costly hardware adds to the overall expenses - from acquiring and installing the equipment to its calibration and maintenance - further complicating matters for already burdened customers and impeding the adoption process.

The road ahead: what’s next, Indian ag water ecosystem?

The Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute has authored a couple of reports[4] on the Indian agricultural water ecosystem, highlighting different technology and business model innovations in agricultural water management in India. The research suggests there are still some areas where bolstering innovative efforts and investments could contribute to better management of dwindling water resources.

There is a lot of interest in artificial groundwater recharge to hedge against extreme climate change impacts. With depleting groundwater levels across the country, replenishing aquifers via artificial recharge becomes crucial, especially in regions stressed due to overexploitation. This parallels what we have seen elsewhere; for example, in California’s Pajaro Valley, the Resource Conservation District (Santa Cruz County) initiated a program to incentivize ~1,000 acre-ft/yr of infiltration benefit, through the development of multiple distributed managed aquifer recharge projects using stormwater. However, a significant challenge to expanding the program has been the lack of private investments[5].

While local and community-driven efforts to implement such projects exist in India, large-scale initiatives remain limited. Agtech startups like Bhungroo and Bore Charger are actively working towards artificial groundwater recharge, though scaling proves challenging due to diverse hydrogeological conditions and inadequate funding. Additionally, there are opportunities in floodwater and wastewater utilisation using technologies like electrochemical stripping and riverbank filtration. These approaches offer diverse applications, from nutrient recovery to water quality enhancement for agricultural use. Surprisingly, India does not yet have innovations in this domain.

Amidst challenges, investment in water accounting and monitoring systems also becomes important. Lack of real-time data impedes efficient water allocation, exacerbating issues during crucial periods like droughts or floods and negatively impacting groundwater levels. On the bright side, we have several Indian agtech startups that are collecting on-field data with great resolution.